主動語態變被動語態的易錯點

■含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變為主語，另一個不動，但變間接賓語為主語的情況較多。

主動：Tom gave me a present on my birthday. 我生日那天湯姆送我一件禮物。

被動：I was given a present by Tom on my birthday.

A present was given to me yesterday.

注意：如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當的介詞。

1. 在下列動詞后，通常在間接賓語前用介詞to：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, sell, show, take,通tell等。

2. 在下列動詞后，一般在間接賓語前用介詞for：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。

主動：Mother made me a new skirt. 母親給我做了件襯衣。

被動：A new skirt was made for me.

3. 由于某些動詞與介詞有習慣搭配，既不用to也不用for, 而用別的介詞。如:

People all over the world know the Great Wall. 世界上的人都知道長城。

The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短語)

4. 有時用間接賓語作主語講不通或不習慣，必須用直接賓語作主語。如：

Tom wrote me a letter.

誤：I was written a letter by Tom.

正：A letter was written to me by Tom.

類似的動詞還有：return, send, pass, hand, sell, teach等。

■含復合賓語(賓語 賓補)的主動句改為被動句時，一般把主動句中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面成為主語補足語。如：

We always keep the classroom clean. 我們總是保持教室清潔。

The classroom is always kept clean. 教室總是保持清潔的。

They asked me to help them. 他們叫我幫助他們。

I was asked to help them. 我被他們叫去幫忙了。

We saw them playing football. 我們看到他們在踢足球。

They were seen playing football. 他們被人看見在踢足球。

注意：

1. 在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶to，但改成被動語態后要加上to。

We often hear her sing. 我們經常聽到她唱歌。

She is often heard to sing. 經常有人聽到她唱歌。

2. 如果賓語補足語是名詞，變被動句時，不要誤把賓語補足語的名詞作主語。如：

We called him an ass. 我們叫他傻瓜。

誤：As ass was called him.

正：He was called an ass.

■短語動詞的被動語態

1. “動詞 介詞/副詞”構成的短語動詞，變成被動語態時，要把它們作為整體看待，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。如：

The patient is being operated on. 病人正在動手術。

His request was turned down. 他的要求遭到拒絕。

注：這類短語動詞常見的還有agree to, ask for, laugh at, listen to, look after, think of, talk about, call on等。常用的由“及物動詞 副詞”構成的短語動詞有bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put on, put off, take off, think over, work out, turn out, sell out, use up look up (查詢) 等。

2. “動詞+副詞+介詞”構成的短語動詞，變成變動語態時，要把它們作為一個整體看待。如：

The poor were looked down upon then. 那時窮人被人瞧不起。

He was looked up to by everyone他被人們所敬仰。

注：這類短語動詞還有：get out of, look out of, get on with，get along with, catch up with, keep up with等。

3. “動詞 名詞 介詞”構成的短語動動詞，變被動語態時，既可將短語動詞后的賓語作為被動句的主語，也可將短語動詞中的名詞作為被動句的主語。如：

You must pay attention to your pronunciation. 你必須注意你的發音。

Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.

Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.

注：這類短語動詞常見的還有catch sight of, make use of, make fun of, make friends with, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take part in, take notice of, keep an eye on等。

■當主動句的主語是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的復合不定代詞時，被動句中將其變為anybody，作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變為否定的被動語態。如：

Nobody can lift this stone. 誰也拿不起這塊石頭。

誤：The stone can be lifted by nobody.

正：The stone can not be lifted by anybody.

■當否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時，在被動句中應將其分別變為nothing, nobody, no one作主語，并將謂語動詞變為肯定的被動語態。如：

They haven’t done anything to make the river clean.

誤：Anything hasn’t been done to make the river clean.

正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.

■以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用by whom放在句首：

Who wrote this novel? 這部小說是誰寫的?

誤：Who was this novel written by?

正：By whom was this novel written?

■主動句中完成進行時態時，相應的被動句變為完成時態。如：

He has been using this dictionary for ten years. 這本詞典他用了十年了。

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