定語從句(the attributive clause)

一.什么叫定語從句?

一個句子作定語就叫定語從句。

二.定語從句的結構及種類

1. 結構：關系詞+主語+謂語+其它

2. 種類：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句

三.關系詞的分類及關系詞

1. 關系代詞：who，whom, whose, that ,which, as

2. 關系副詞：when，where，why

四.關系詞的功用

1. 起連接作用，引導定語從句

2. 在定語從句中作一個成分——主語，賓語，狀語，定語，表語。

五.什么是先行詞?

被定語從句所修飾的詞是先行詞。

六.關系詞的用法

1. who

當先行詞是指人得名詞或代詞，而且關系詞在句中作主語時，選who。

The boy who is standing over there is Tom.

He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.

2. whom

當先行詞是指人得名詞，而且關系詞在句中作主語時，選whom.

This is our English teacher whom everybody likes.

3. whose

① 當先行詞是指人的名詞，而且關系詞在句中作定語時，選whose.

This is my deskmate whose father works in a factory.

② 當先行詞是指物的名詞，而且關系在句中作定語時，選whose.

We study in a classroom whose windows face to the south.

4. that

① 當先行詞是指物的名詞，關系詞在句中作主語時，選that.

This is a machine that can walk.

② 當先行詞是指物的名詞，關系詞在句中作賓語時，選that. 另外，that可以省略。

I like the present (that) my father sent me.

③ 當先行詞是指人的名詞，關系詞也可選用that=who

The boy that/who is playing football on the play ground is my brother.

5. which

當先行詞是指物的名詞時，關系詞也可選用which，它在句中作主語或賓語，which=that

6. 下列情況下，關系詞只能選用that

① 當先行詞為不定代詞 something, anything, nothing, everything時

Is there anything that I can do for you?

② 當先行詞為不定代詞all時

Mr. Li does all that he can to do his work well.

③ 當先行詞被all, some, any修飾時

These are all the things that I have done today.

④ 當先行詞被the only, the very 修飾時

This is the only computer that he often turns to for help.

⑤ 當先行詞被序數詞，形容詞最高級修飾時

This is the cleaning room that you can see here.

⑥ time 作先行詞，前面有序數詞或last修飾時

This is the last time that I’ll give you pocket money.

⑦ 盡管先行詞指人，但關系詞在句中作表語時。

He is no longer the child that he used to be 20 years ago

⑧ 以 who開頭的特殊疑問句，盡管先行詞指人。

Who is the person that is sitting on the ground ?

⑨ 當先行詞包括人和物時。

7. 下列情況下，關系詞只能選which

① 在非限制性定語從句中。

This is my favorite pen, which I bought yesterday.

② 先行詞不是一個詞，而是前面整個句子的概念時

The boy is very polite, which makes his parents happy.

③ 當先行詞指物，用“介詞+which”

This is the pen with which I often write.

8. as

As 引導定語從句時，有四種情況。As在句中作主語，賓語。

① as 單獨引導定語從句。

As we all know (=As is known to us all), Yao Ming is a famous basketball player.

② the same …as… 與…一樣

I have the same idea as you.

③ such… as… 和…一樣

Don’t read such a book as you can’t understand.

④ as…as… 和…一樣

In this library, you can borrow as many books as you can.

9. where

① 當先行詞是指地點的名詞，而且關系副詞在句中作狀語時，選where，where=介詞+which

This is the classroom where we study.

② 盡管先行詞是指地點的名詞，但關系詞在句中作主語，賓語時，只能選that/which.

This is the factory that/which makes paper

This is the factory(that/which) we visited yesterday.

③ 盡管先行詞是指地點的名詞，關系詞在句中作主語，賓語，但非限制性定語從句只能用which

This is the school, which he visited.

④ the one 是代詞，代替前面的名詞，其后的that/which 往往省略。

Is this factory the one you visited?

⑤ 當situation, job, mark, race, point 等模糊概念的名詞，關系詞在句中作狀語時，選where

You’d better make a mark where you have any questions.

⑥ 盡管先行詞是指地點的名詞，關系詞在句中作狀語，但定語從句末有介詞時，選which。

This is the lab which we do experiments in.

10. when

① 當先行詞是指時間的名詞，而且關系副詞在句中作狀語時，選when，when=介詞+which

We will never forget the days when we stayed with Mr. Smith.

② 盡管先行詞是指時間的名詞，但關系詞在句中作主語，賓語時，選that或which。

Monday is the day which/that comes before Tuesday.

We will never forget the days (that/which) we spent with him.

③ 盡管先行詞是指時間的名詞，關系詞在句中作主語，賓語，但非限制性定語從句只能選which。

Wednesday is the day, which comes before Thursday.

④ one 作替代詞，代替前面表示時間的名詞，其后的that/which往往省略。

That was an exciting moment, one I will remember forever.

⑤ time作先行詞，前面有序數詞或last時，只能選that。

Is this the third time that you have been late for school this week?

11. why

① 當先行詞是指表示原因的名詞reason時，如果關系副詞作狀語，選why，why=for which.

This is the reason why I didn’t attend the meeting yesterday.

② 當先行詞是表示原因的名詞reason時，如果關系副詞在句中作賓語，選that/which,也可省略。

My parents didn’t believe the reason (that/ which) I give him.

七.介詞+which/whom

1. 介詞+which/whom

① 介詞的選擇根據下面四種情況

a. 根據定語從句中的謂語動詞

Who is the person with whom you shook hands just now?

b. 根據定語從句中的形容詞

In learning English, he had two things about which he was not sure.

c. 根據定語從句所修飾的先行詞

This is the bike by which I go to school.

d. 根據句意。

This is the train on which he works.

② 如果關系詞指人，選whom，如果關系詞指物，選which。

2. 不定代詞+of+which/whom

常用的不定代詞有：both, neither, either(兩者之一)，all, none, many, most, some, any

Mr. Li has two sons, both of whom are college students.

There are 10.000 books in this library, most of which are interesting.

3. 數詞，分詞，百分數+of+which/whom

There are 50 students in our class, two thirds of whom are girls.

4. the+名詞+of+which=whose+名詞

He has just bought a magazine, the cover of which (=whose cover) is missing.

5. 介詞+whose+名詞

This is our school teaching building, on whose top there is a red flag.

八.非限制性定語從句

如果主語和定語從句之間有個逗號，它就是非限制性定語從句。引導非限制性的定語從句的關系詞有：which，who, when, where, why, whom, whose.

九.分隔性的定語從句

有時定語從句和先行詞之間被其他詞隔開，把這種從句叫分隔性的定語從句。

The days are gone when China used foreign oil.

= Gone are the days when China used foreign oil.

十.The way 作先行詞，引導定語從句的關系詞有三種情況：that, in which 省略。

I don’t like the way ___D___ you do things.

A. that B. in which C. × D. all of the above

十一. One of +the+復數名詞+定語從句，謂語動詞用復數，the only one of +the 復數名詞+定語從句，謂語動詞用單數。

He is one of the teachers in our school who teach well.

He is the only one of the teachers in our school who teaches well.

十二. 在定語從句中，謂語動詞的單數，復數依據它所修飾的先行詞。

I, who am your teacher, will help you with everything.

He who breaks the school rules should be punished.

Those who break the school rules should be punished.

Anyone who breaks the school rules should be punished.

十三. 定語從句和并列句的區別

非限制性的定語從句和主語之間有一個逗號，并列句的結構式單句+并列連詞(and, or. so, but)+簡單句.

I have many friends, all of whom are kind to me.

I have many friends and all of them are kind to me.

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