過去完成時(shí)(The Past Perfect Tense)：過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間之前完成的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的情況，句子謂語形式由had+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，通常表述為“過去的過去”。在不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)中有相應(yīng)體現(xiàn)，也可跟有一定的時(shí)間狀語，如by, before等介詞或連詞。

1. 過去完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)：

1.1 肯定句：主語+had+done+others

A. I had arrived.

我已經(jīng)到了。

B. He had sent the letter.

他已經(jīng)寄了這封信。

1.2 否定句：主語+had+not+done+others

A. However,Her father had not brought her birthday presents.

然而，她的父親沒有給她買生日禮物。

1.3 疑問句：had+主語+done+others

肯定回答：YES,主語+had/否定回答：NO,主語+ hadn’t

A. Had Lisa gone to costume ball ?

麗莎已經(jīng)去化妝舞會(huì)了嗎?

Yes,she had.

是的，她去了。

No,she hadn’t.

沒有，她沒去。

1.4 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+had+主語+done+others

A. Why had The Castle become a memory of generation?

為什么電影城堡已經(jīng)成為了一代的記憶?

1.5 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+had(not)been+done+others

A. At the end of last year,another magic design had been completed.

在去年低，另一個(gè)神奇的設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)完成。

B. There was still doubtful that why the film had not been chased by public.

對(duì)于這部電影為什么沒有被大眾所追捧依然存在些疑惑。

2. 過去完成時(shí)的用法

2.1 在賓語從句中的運(yùn)用：

A. To my surprise,Josh told me that he had engaged.

令我驚訝的是，喬希告訴我他已經(jīng)訂婚了。

B. Lizzy asked John what the professor had said in class.

在課上，利茲問約翰，教授說了什么。(這里“said”的動(dòng)作在“ask”之前)

2.2 在定語從句中的運(yùn)用:

A. Yesterday, I helped an old man who had lost her way.

昨天，我?guī)椭�了一個(gè)已經(jīng)迷路的老人。(who引導(dǎo)的定語從句)

2.3 在以主語+had done, before/by+過去時(shí)間狀語詞組/從句中的運(yùn)用：

A.Mr.Wanghad attended the conference and delivered a speech before he visited Yorkshire.

王先生在去約克郡之前已經(jīng)出席了會(huì)議并發(fā)表演講。(before引導(dǎo)的從句，一般過去時(shí))

B. Cappuccino had become a quick seller in Starbucks,by the end of last month.

到上個(gè)月底為止，卡布奇諾已經(jīng)成為了星巴克的暢銷品。(by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語)

2.4 Had done在虛擬語氣中的運(yùn)用(屬于較特殊情況)：

(1)在虛擬條件句中的運(yùn)用，此時(shí)的意思要根據(jù)語境而定，可以與虛擬語氣一起來歸納。主要表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望，即與過去事實(shí)相反。

A. If I I had taken your advice, I would have got a good grade in the exam.

如果我聽取了你的建議，我將會(huì)在考試中取得好的成績。(had taken表明過去我沒有采取建議)

(2)有expect，intend，suppose(假定)，hope,think等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)在句中出現(xiàn)時(shí)，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算，希望，愿望的意味。

A.I expect that I had been an intern in that company.

我希望我已經(jīng)是那個(gè)公司的一名實(shí)習(xí)生。(同樣地，我并不是這個(gè)公司的實(shí)習(xí)生)

(3)在If only(但愿，要是) or wish出現(xiàn)的虛擬語氣中，同樣也表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望，想法。

A. Honestly,if only I had studied in university.

說真的，要是我在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)多好!(事實(shí)上我沒有，與現(xiàn)實(shí)相反)

B. I wish I had been awarded the prize in the sports meeting.

我希望我在運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上被授予了獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。(事實(shí)上獲獎(jiǎng)不存在)

2.5 在時(shí)間狀語從句中的運(yùn)用：

例如一些引導(dǎo)詞since, until, no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when 等，一般可視為 "had done" 出現(xiàn)的信號(hào),從句常用一般過去時(shí)。

A.No sooner had Whitney Houston began to sing a song than there was an instant sensation.

惠特妮·休斯頓一開始唱歌，就引起了瞬時(shí)的轟動(dòng)。(注意：這里由于no sooner 否定前置，句子謂語部分倒裝，所以”had”提前)

A. It was a long time since Darcy had lived in this city.

過去完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)與用法

達(dá)西住在這座城市已經(jīng)有很長時(shí)間了。(達(dá)西在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前就住在這座城市)

過去完成時(shí)(The Past Perfect Tense)：過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間之前完成的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的情況，句子謂語形式由had+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，通常表述為“過去的過去”。在不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)中有相應(yīng)體現(xiàn)，也可跟有一定的時(shí)間狀語，如by, before等介詞或連詞。

1. 過去完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)：

1.1 肯定句：主語+had+done+others

A. I had arrived.

我已經(jīng)到了。

B. He had sent the letter.

他已經(jīng)寄了這封信。

1.2 否定句：主語+had+not+done+others

A. However,Her father had not brought her birthday presents.

然而，她的父親沒有給她買生日禮物。

1.3 疑問句：had+主語+done+others

肯定回答：YES,主語+had/否定回答：NO,主語+ hadn’t

A. Had Lisa gone to costume ball ?

麗莎已經(jīng)去化妝舞會(huì)了嗎?

Yes,she had.

是的，她去了。

No,she hadn’t.

沒有，她沒去。

1.4 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+had+主語+done+others

A. Why had The Castle become a memory of generation?

為什么電影城堡已經(jīng)成為了一代的記憶?

1.5 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語+had(not)been+done+others

A. At the end of last year,another magic design had been completed.

在去年低，另一個(gè)神奇的設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)完成。

B. There was still doubtful that why the film had not been chased by public.

對(duì)于這部電影為什么沒有被大眾所追捧依然存在些疑惑。

2. 過去完成時(shí)的用法

2.1 在賓語從句中的運(yùn)用：

A. To my surprise,Josh told me that he had engaged.

令我驚訝的是，喬希告訴我他已經(jīng)訂婚了。

B. Lizzy asked John what the professor had said in class.

在課上，利茲問約翰，教授說了什么。(這里“said”的動(dòng)作在“ask”之前)

2.2 在定語從句中的運(yùn)用:

A. Yesterday, I helped an old man who had lost her way.

昨天，我?guī)椭�了一個(gè)已經(jīng)迷路的老人。(who引導(dǎo)的定語從句)

2.3 在以主語+had done, before/by+過去時(shí)間狀語詞組/從句中的運(yùn)用：

A.Mr.Wanghad attended the conference and delivered a speech before he visited Yorkshire.

王先生在去約克郡之前已經(jīng)出席了會(huì)議并發(fā)表演講。(before引導(dǎo)的從句，一般過去時(shí))

B. Cappuccino had become a quick seller in Starbucks,by the end of last month.

到上個(gè)月底為止，卡布奇諾已經(jīng)成為了星巴克的暢銷品。(by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語)

2.4 Had done在虛擬語氣中的運(yùn)用(屬于較特殊情況)：

(1)在虛擬條件句中的運(yùn)用，此時(shí)的意思要根據(jù)語境而定，可以與虛擬語氣一起來歸納。主要表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望，即與過去事實(shí)相反。

A. If I I had taken your advice, I would have got a good grade in the exam.

如果我聽取了你的建議，我將會(huì)在考試中取得好的成績。(had taken表明過去我沒有采取建議)

(2)有expect，intend，suppose(假定)，hope,think等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)在句中出現(xiàn)時(shí)，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算，希望，愿望的意味。

A.I expect that I had been an intern in that company.

我希望我已經(jīng)是那個(gè)公司的一名實(shí)習(xí)生。(同樣地，我并不是這個(gè)公司的實(shí)習(xí)生)

(3)在If only(但愿，要是) or wish出現(xiàn)的虛擬語氣中，同樣也表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望，想法。

A. Honestly,if only I had studied in university.

說真的，要是我在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)多好!(事實(shí)上我沒有，與現(xiàn)實(shí)相反)

B. I wish I had been awarded the prize in the sports meeting.

我希望我在運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上被授予了獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。(事實(shí)上獲獎(jiǎng)不存在)

2.5 在時(shí)間狀語從句中的運(yùn)用：

例如一些引導(dǎo)詞since, until, no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when 等，一般可視為 "had done" 出現(xiàn)的信號(hào),從句常用一般過去時(shí)。

A.No sooner had Whitney Houston began to sing a song than there was an instant sensation.

惠特妮·休斯頓一開始唱歌，就引起了瞬時(shí)的轟動(dòng)。(注意：這里由于no sooner 否定前置，句子謂語部分倒裝，所以”had”提前)

A. It was a long time since Darcy had lived in this city.

達(dá)西住在這座城市已經(jīng)有很長時(shí)間了。(達(dá)西在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前就住在這座城市)

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