被動語態(tài)

一概念引入

英語的語態(tài)是通過動詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。英語中有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。

主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。

Many people speak Chinese.

許多人說漢語。

謂語speak的動作是由主語many people來執(zhí)行的。

被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。

Chinese is spoken by many people.

許多人說漢語。(漢語被許多人說。)

主語Chinese是動詞speak的承受者。

二用法講解

1、被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)（be動詞+及物動詞的過去分詞，be動詞隨時態(tài)變化而改變）

一般現(xiàn)在時：

am / is / are +及物動詞的過去分詞

You are wanted on the phone. 有你的電話。

一般過去時：

was / were +及物動詞的過去分詞

China was liberated in 1949. 1949年中國解放。

一般將來時：

will / shall be +及物動詞的過去分詞

The problem will be discussed tomorrow.這個問題明天會討論。

現(xiàn)在完成時：

have / has been +及物動詞的過去分詞

Not a book in the library has been taken away. 圖書館里的書一本都沒被拿走。

現(xiàn)在進行時：

am / is / are being +及物動詞的過去分詞

My bike is being repaired. 我的自行車正在修理。

過去完成時：

had been +及物動詞的過去分詞

The book had been borrowed when I got to the library. 我到圖書館時,那本書已經(jīng)借出去了。

2、主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換

1）把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語

2）把謂語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)（be＋過去分詞）

注意：

根據(jù)被動語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來主動語態(tài)句子中動詞的時態(tài)來決定be的形式。

3）把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語，將主格改為賓格

All the people laughed at him.

所有人都嘲笑他。

→He was laughed at by all people.

They make the bikes in the factory.

他們在那家工廠制造自行車。

→ The bikes are made by them in the factory.

He cut down a tree.

他砍倒了一棵樹。

→ A tree was cut down by him.

4）含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)

含有情態(tài)動詞的主動句變成被動句時，由“情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

Little Tom can work out this maths problem easily.

小湯姆能輕松地做出這道數(shù)學(xué)題。

→ This maths problem can be easily workedout by little Tom.

They should do it at once.

他們應(yīng)該立刻做那件事。

→It should be done at once.

5) 含有雙賓語的主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)

主動語態(tài)的雙賓語句式: 主語+謂語動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語+其他

被動語態(tài)的雙賓語句式: 間接賓語+be+過去分詞+直接賓語+其他

或:直接賓語+be +過去分詞+介詞(for / to)+間接賓語+其他

My father gave me a new book on my birthday.=

My father gave a new book to me on my birthday.

我的父親在我生日那天給我一本新書。

→ I was given a new book on my birthday (by my father).

= A new book was given to me on my birthday (by my father).

My father bought me a new computer yesterday.

= My father bought a new computer to me yesterday.

我的父親昨天給我買了一臺新電腦。

→ I was bought a new computer yesterday (by my father).

= A new computer was bought for me yesterday (by my father)

6) 帶有復(fù)合賓語的主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)

帶有復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓語補足語)的主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,只把賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語,原來的賓語補足語不動。

His teacher found him a very good pupil.

他的老師發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個很好的學(xué)生。

→ He was found a very good pupil by his teacher.

7) 在含有l(wèi)et, make, see, hear等動詞的主動句中,后作賓補的動詞不定式不帶to,但在被動句中,則要還原to。

Linda’s parents make her practice the piano every Sunday.

→Linda is made to practice the piano every Sunday.

8) 有些及物動詞如have(有), reach, cost等, 以及有些聯(lián)系動詞如smell, taste, sound, feel等,不用于被動語態(tài)。

✘Five dollars is cost by this book.

✔This book costs five dollars. 這本書花費五美元。

✘The food is tasted nice.

✔The food tastes nice. 這種食物嘗起來很好。

三鞏固練習(xí)

把下列主動語態(tài)的句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的句子

1. Do you sweep the floor everyday?

2. Did people in the old days grow tea?

3. We have learned Lesson 60.

4. We can’t see many of the stars.

使用被動語態(tài)翻譯下列句子

5.我們不把英語當作第一語言使用。

6. 這些電視機是1990年日本出產(chǎn)的。

7.法國人說英語還是法語?

8.中國什么地方生產(chǎn)鹽?

單項選擇

9. Look! A big modern building _________ in our city.

A. is built

B. is being built

C. has been built

D. is building

10. Your bike can’t ______ there.

A. be put

B. is put

C. be putted

D. putted

11. Mary _______ the song at a party.

A. heard sing

B. was heard sing

C. heard to sing

D. was heard to sing

12. ______ trees usually _______ in April?

A. Have, planted

B. Are, planted

C. have, been planted

D. Do, planted

參考答案

1. Is the floor swept(by you)everyday?

2. Was tea grown by people in the old days?

3. Lesson 60 has been learned(by us).

4. Many of the stars can’t be seen (by us).

5. English isn’t used as our first language.

6. The TV sets were made in Japan in 1990.

7. Is English or French spoken by Frenchmen?

8. Where is salt produced in China?

9. B。本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)。句意為“在我們城里，一座現(xiàn)代化的建筑正在被建”(正在建造一座現(xiàn)代化建筑)。

10. A。本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)。句意為“你的自行車不能被放在那”(那兒不能停放自行車)。

11. D。本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。此句中復(fù)合賓語的不定式to不能省略。句意為“瑪麗被聽到在宴會上唱歌”(有人聽到瑪麗在宴會上唱歌)。

12. B。本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。句意為“通常是在四月份植樹嗎?”。

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