(1) 系表結(jié)構(gòu)(不及物動詞)

系動詞 look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等 + 形容詞/名詞

Ice feels cold.

His plan proved (to be) practical.

The milk has gone bad.

關(guān)于系動詞 ↓

(2) 表示“開始、結(jié)束、運動”的詞(不及物動詞)

begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等

Work began at 7 o'clock this morning.

The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day.

(3) 表示主語屬性的詞(不及物動詞)

read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, cook, lock, dry, eat, drink等，不單獨使用，要加修飾語

The coat washes easily. 容易洗

Your book reads very well. 讀起來不錯

The material has worn thin. 磨薄了

The match won't catch. 擦不著

The car won't start. 發(fā)動不起來

The plan worked out wonderfully. 進展得好

(4) 少數(shù)動詞用于進行時，可以主動表被動

print, cook, sell, build等

The book is printing. 書正在印刷。

The meat is cooking. 肉正在燉著。

The house is building. 房子正在建。

(5) 介詞“in / on / under等 + 名詞”表被動

表示方位或目的的介詞+表示動作的名詞，相當于該名詞相應(yīng)動詞的被動形式

under control / treatment / repair / discussion / construction

beyond belief / one's reach / one's control

for sale / rent

in print / sight

on sale / show / trial

out of control / sight / one's reach / fashion

The rumor is beyond belief ( = can't be believed ).

Today some treasures are on show ( = are being shown) in the museum.

(6) 不能用于被動語態(tài)及物動詞或詞組

have (有), wish (希望), cost (花費), last (持續(xù)), date back to (追溯到), run out (用完), agree with (同意), arrive at/in (到達), shake hands with (握手), succeed in (成功), suffer from (受苦), take part in (參加), walk into/enter (走進), belong to (屬于)等

I have an apple.

This apartment cost him two million dollars.

Refugees are suffering from hunger.

〖注意〗嚴格來說，所有“不及物動詞+介詞”的詞組都不用于被動語態(tài)。同時，后面的賓語是介詞賓語，不是動詞賓語。

(7) 動詞不定式

① 不定式作定語時，能在句中找到動作的發(fā)出者，則可以主動表被動，否則只能被動表被動

I have a question to ask you. (I是ask的發(fā)出者)

I have a lot of documents to type, so I will have to work for extra hours. (I是type的發(fā)出者)

Would you like something to drink? (you是drink的發(fā)出者)

He lent me some books to read. (me是read的發(fā)出者)

Please give me a pencil to write with. (me是write的發(fā)出者)

② 疑問代詞 + 不定式，能在句中找到動作的發(fā)出者，則可以主動表被動

I don't know what to do next.

She will tell you which bus to take.

Do you know whom to go with?

關(guān)于不定式作定語 ↓

③ there be + 名詞 + 不定式(定語)，可以用主動形式表達被動意義

There is nothing to worry about.

There is no time to waste.

☀有時主動和被動表達的意思不同，主動形式強調(diào)主觀看法，被動形式強調(diào)客觀情況

There is nothing to do now. (We have nothing to do.)

There is nothing to be done now. (We can do nothing now.)

There is nothing to see. (Nothing there is worth seeing.)

There is nothing to be seen. (There is nothing.)

④ 不定式作狀語、賓補時，句中如果有影響動作完成的形容詞(easy, hard, difficult, dangerous, nice, good, interesting, important, fit, impossible, pleasant, light, heavy, bitter, comfortable, cheap, expensive, funny, exciting, delicious等)，則可以主動表被動

The water in the lake is unfit to drink. (不定式作狀語)

The strawberries are nice to eat. (不定式作狀語)

The problem is easy to work out. (不定式作狀語)

The man is hard to please. (不定式作狀語)

The room is comfortable to live in. (不定式作狀語)

I find the lecture difficult to understand. (不定式作賓補)

I find him pleasant to work with.(不定式作賓補)

⑤ be to blame (該對某事負責)與be to let (待出租)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)作表語，都是不定式的主動表被動

Who is to blame for the accident?

This house is to let.

(8) 動詞-ing形式

① want, need, require, demand, request, deserve + v-ing，主動形式表達被動意義

Your hair needs cutting. 你頭發(fā)需要剪了。

The house wants painting. 房子該粉刷了。

The computer demands repairing. 電腦需要修了。

The man deserves punishing. 這個人罪有應(yīng)得。

② be worth + v-ing，主動形式表達被動意義

The book is really worth reading. 這本書值得一讀。

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